依兰Design and calculation of industrial coolers
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：本文围绕工业冷却器的设计与计算展开，阐述了工业冷却器在工业生产中的关键作用，其能有效地降低设备或工艺流程的温度，保障系统稳定运行，详细介绍了设计环节，包括依据不同的工业场景和冷却需求确定冷却器的类型，如风冷式、水冷式等，同时考虑冷却介质的特性、流量等参数，在计算方面，着重讲解了热负荷的计算方法，通过分析被冷却对象的热量产生速率、环境温度等因素，精准计算出所需的换热量，还涉及冷却器传热面积、传热系数等关键参数的计算，以确保冷却器能达到预期的冷却效果。
依兰1、Design basis
Design Standard for Steel Structures GB50017-2017Steel Structure Design Manual, China Construction Industry Press, January 2004
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依兰Code for Construction and Acceptance of Steel Structures (GB50205-2020)
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British Code for Design of Steel Structures (BS5950)
依兰2、Design load
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Load includes structural self weight, wind turbine constant load, live load, snow load, wind load, etc. The structural calculation adopts the ultimate stress method, therefore, the load value is larger than usual. The surface load is calculated based on the distribution coefficient and applied to the platform according to the line load. The wind load is calculated based on the wind vibration coefficient, body shape coefficient, and basic wind pressure to calculate the wind pressure values on four surfaces, which are then converted into line loads and applied to the columns. Auxiliary components such as stair handrails are applied to the stairs according to uniformly distributed loads.
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依兰1. Constant load
依兰The self weight of the steel structure is automatically calculated by the program, and the node weight is considered based on the self weight of the structure multiplied by 1.3. The weight and fluid load of the radiator are applied by external forces.
依兰Platform constant load: 0.50kN/m2
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依兰2. Live load
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Live load of the platform for loading: 2.5kN/m2
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依兰3. Snow load
依兰According to relevant design data, the snow pressure can be basically calculated as 0.4N/m2.
4. Wind load
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Calculate according to the maximum value.
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Basic wind pressure: 0.35kN/m2, height variation coefficient of 1.8, wind vibration coefficient: 1.5, ground roughness category: Class A
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依兰Class.
Is the standard value of wind load, is the wind vibration coefficient at height Z, is the shape coefficient of wind load, and is the coefficient of wind pressure height variation.
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依兰When the standard value of wind load is less than 0.75kpa, calculate based on 0.75 kPa and multiply by 1.4 times the safety factor. Namely
依兰5. Temperature load
依兰The temperature difference is relatively small. The structural form is single, and the linear expansion of steel has a relatively small impact on the overall performance of the structure, which can be ignored.
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依兰6 Earthquake loads
According to the seismic analysis design method: small earthquakes do not damage, medium earthquakes are repairable, and large earthquakes do not collapse. Small earthquake analysis can be divided into: bottom shear force method, response spectrum analysis, and elastic time history analysis. Medium earthquake analysis is calculated by multiplying small earthquake analysis by amplification factor.
依兰Seismic fortification intensity: 8 degrees
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依兰Design basic seismic acceleration peak value: 0.3g
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依兰Construction site category: II site
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依兰Design grouping: Second group
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Damping ratio: 0.05
This structure adopts MIADS software for overall modeling and analysis. During modeling, beam elements are mainly used for each structure. In order to facilitate loading, plate elements are established at the structural platform. Consolidation is used as the boundary condition at the bottom of each column, and constraints are applied at the connection between the column and the original structure according to the actual situation. The structure includes upright column, cross brace, slant support and upper and lower platform steel structure.
依兰Load sub factors and load combinations:
Number | load 依兰 | Partial coefficient remarks | 依兰Partial coefficient remarks |
依兰1 依兰 | dead load 依兰 | 1.3 依兰 | |
依兰2 依兰 | 依兰Dead load, when it has a restraining effect on uplift and overturning 依兰 | 1.0 依兰 | |
3 | 依兰Dead load, when acting together with wind load and live load | 依兰1.2 | |
4 依兰 | Live load | 依兰1.6 依兰 | |
依兰5 | Live load, when combined with wind load 依兰 | 依兰1.2 依兰 | |
依兰6 依兰 | Wind load | 1.4 依兰 | |
7 依兰 | 依兰When combined with wind load and live load | 1.2 |
3、 Radiator calculation
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依兰1. Material parameters
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Aluminum alloy adopts 6005-T1, with tensile strength and yield strength equivalent to 6063-T5, tensile strength ≥ 150Mpa, yield stress ≥ 110 Mpa. According to the performance table of aluminum alloy, it is found that 6063-T5 has a tensile strength of 185Mpa, yield stress of 145 Mpa, and fatigue strength of 90MPa.
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依兰2. Working condition analysis
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The calculation of radiators can be divided into 1. lifting ondition,
3. operating condition (operating condition is divided into
依兰4.support and lifting point participate in force simultaneously.
5.support bears gravity, while lifting point bears horizontal force.
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依兰6.support does not bear any force, that is, when the overall structure is subjected to uneven settlement, there is a suspension at the bottom)
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依兰To ensure its stability, it is recommended that the foundation treatment should be pre compressed and settlement assessment should be carried out during the overall installation.
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2.1 Hoisting conditions
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At this point, the radiator is only considered for its own weight due to the lack of fluid injection, and is lifted and installed through a side lifting point. Because no other accessories were installed during modeling, in order to estimate the weight more accurately, its self weight coefficient was defined as 1.3.
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The radiator structure consists of 1, frame 2, support beam 3, heat exchange tube 4, tube plate, and other ancillary structures. As the heat exchange tube and support beam are fixed together through a corrugated plate, it can be considered that the heat exchange tube participates in the structural stress, which leads to strain and stress generation.
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The overall structural model is
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Radiator structural model
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The overall deformation of the radiator during the lifting process
Stress cloud diagram of radiator during lifting process
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依兰From its displacement cloud map, it can be seen that its overall deformation is 1.2mm, and the maximum stress is 15MPa
依兰Stress cloud map of heat sink
Displacement cloud map of heat sink
依兰From its displacement cloud map, it can be seen that its overall deformation is 1mm and the maximum stress is 2MPa. Through calculation, it can be seen that horizontal lifting has little effect on the heat dissipation fins, and its deformation and stress are far less than the standard requirements.
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The vertical lifting situation is as follows:
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依兰Vertical lifting stress cloud map
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